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Smart Learning Environments

Table 2 Thematic iterations

From: International undergraduates’ perceptions of social engagement in online and face-to-face learning environments: a photo-elicitation approach to thematic analysis

Initial themes

Standing out, Wasting time in breakout groups, Teacher-centeredness, Taking other students’ time, Awkwardness of online communication, Uninformedess of American students, Making friends, Extracurriculars, Distractions, Course participation requirements, Serving as cultural translators, The role of switching cameras on/off

Added themes: phase 3

Loneliness, Wasting time beyond breakout groups, Peer collaboration, Generalized indifference, Anxieties, Home, Wanting more interaction, Participating face-to-face, Conflict, Social pressures of participating

Finalized themes: phase 4

Disconnectedness, Loneliness/homesickness, Discourse expectations, Building friendships, Diversity and intercultural issues, Anxieties, Conflict

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