Applying 4IRs in education technology to science pedagogy: effects and students’ experience

Smart Learning Environments

Table 1 Reliability and validity statistics of the instrument

Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for each of the factors was also calculated to ensure internal consistency of the scales. Its estimates for the factors in the construct range from α = 0.83 to α = 0.84. All the factors’ scores were well above 0.70 except CTI and PS5, evidence that the constructs have internal consistency. The composite reliability of the instruments revealed that all the factors are highly reliable with a coefficient of composite reliability ranging from 0.880 to 0.888. This is an indication that the instrument has internal consistency and is highly reliable. The Average Variance Extract (AVE) which is the coefficient of validity shows that its value ranges from 0.60 to 0.61 as against the cut-off of 0.5, an indication that the constructs in the survey instrument are valid. The discriminant validity of the two constructs was assessed using Fornell Larcker’s approach. This was done by calculating the square root of AVE for the CT (AVE = 0.614) which is 0.678, and is higher than its correlation with PS (0.678). The same was also observed for PS which had the square of AVE to be 0.772 and the inter-correlation with CT of 0.678. This shows that the two constructs are independent (have discriminant validity)