Table 3 Main features of the most relevant user identification works surveyed
From: Continuous user identification in distance learning: a recent technology perspective
Work | ID type | Core method | Offline | Computation cost | ID precision | Needed hardware |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belhumeur et al. (1997) | Image-based | LDA | ✓ | \(\star\) | \(\star\) | Webcam |
He et al. (2005) | Image-based | LPP + Nearest-neighbor classifier | ✓ | \(\star \star\) | \(\star \star\) | Webcam |
Ahonen et al. (2006) | Image-based | LBP + Bayesian classifier | ✓ | \(\star \star\) | \(\star \star \star\) | Webcam |
Heisele et al. (2001) | Image-based | SVM | ✓ | \(\star \star\) | \(\star \star \star\) | Webcam |
Cao et al. (2018) | Image-based | ResNet50 CNN (DL) | ✓ | \(\star \star \star\) | \(\star \star \star \,\star\) | Webcam+GPU |
Taigman et al. (DeepFace) (2014) | Image-based | DeepFace CNN (DL) | ✓ | \(\star \star \star \star \star\) | \(\star \star \star \star \star\) | Webcam+GPU |
Taigman et al. (FaceNet) (2014) | Image-based | Inception CNN (DL) + Distance threshold | ✓ | \(\star \star \star \,\star\) | \(\star \star \star \star \star\) | Webcam+GPU |
VGGFace Parkhi et al. (2015) | Image-based | VGGFace CNN (DL) | ✓ | \(\star \star \star \,\star\) | \(\star \star \star \star \star\) | Webcam+GPU |
Stolcke et al. (2007) | Voice-based | MLLR transforms + SVM | ✓ | \(\star \star \star\) | \(\star \star \star\) | Microphone |
Seurin et al. (2020) | Voice-based | MDP + RL | ✓ | \(\star \star \star\) | \(\star \star \star \,\star\) | Microphone |
Boles and Rad (2017) | Voice-based | MFCCs + SVM NN (DL) | ✗ | \(\star \star \star \star \star\) | \(\star \star \star \star \star\) | Microphone |
Ravanelli and Bengio (2018) | Voice-based | Band-Pass Filters + CNN (DL) | ✓ | \(\star \star \star \,\star\) | \(\star \star \star \,\star\) | Microphone |
Nagrani et al. (2020) | Voice-based | Relation Module + Two-stream synchronization CNN (DL) | ✓ | \(\star \star \star \star \star\) | \(\star \star \star \star \star\) | Microphone |
Bergadano et al. (2002) | Interaction-based | Keystroke trigraph duration | ✓ | \(\star\) | \(\star \star \star\) | Keyboard |
Clarke and Furnell (2007) | Interaction-based | FF MLP Neural Network | ✓ | \(\star \star \star \,\star\) | \(\star \star \star\) | Mobile PhoneHandset |
Shen et al. (2015) | Interaction-based | Feature-distance vectors + SVM | ✓ | \(\star \star\) | \(\star \star \star\) | Touch-basedSmartphone |
Zheng et al. (2016) | Interaction-based | Mouse angle-based metrics + SVM | ✓✗ | \(\star\) | \(\star \star \star\) | Mouse |
Chang et al. (2012) | Password and interaction-based | Graphical password + Touch time and pressure statistical classifier | ✓ | \(\star\) | \(\star \star \star \,\star\) | Touch-based Mobile Device |