Table 8 Limitations and challenges

Need more learner’s participation for sampling good quality data

5

Features extraction for machine learning not fully representing the learning process

4

Need longer period of learning data statistics

4

AI solution is not portable to other tutoring systems

4

No strong educational theory

2

Need further actions and recommendation in addition to performance prediction

2

Privacy concern

1

Need more advanced big data analysis technology to support better quality

1

Trustworthy concern (the AI solution not being explainable)

1

Need more courses validation of the AI solution

1

No ground truth for AI solutions improvement

1

Machine learning accuracy challenge (e.g. Face recognition when wearing masks)

1