Table 12 Results: associations between gamification design and player type

SPFAcc → P

− 1.140

0.075

0.091

1.123

SPFImm → P

− 0.275

0.645

0.235

2.452

SPFAcc → S

− 1.204

0.020

0.109

0.824

SPFImm → S

− 0.361

0.385

0.309

1.572

SPFAcc → F

− 1.387

0.016

0.081

0.769

SPFImm → F

− 0.251

0.632

0.278

2.177

SPFAcc → A

− 0.575

0.251

0.211

1.502

SPFImm → A

− 0.769

0.076

0.198

1.082

SPFAcc → R

1.356

0.153

0.603

24.954

SPFImm → R

− 0.865

0.259

0.094

1.891

SPFAcc → D

–

–

–

–

SPFImm → D

–

–

–

–

SEAcc → P

− 0.321

0.644

0.186

2.831

SEImm → P

0.575

0.455

0.393

8.041

SEAcc → S

− 0.376

0.470

0.248

1.905

SEImm → S

1.206

0.031

1.116

9.990

SEAcc → F

− 0.674

0.279

0.150

1.728

SEImm → F

0.942

0.176

0.655

10.032

SEAcc → A

− 0.370

0.480

0.247

1.930

SEImm → A

0.542

0.337

0.569

5.198

SEAcc → R

− 1.864

0.043

0.025

0.944

SEImm → R

1.919

0.031

1.196

38.810

SEAcc → D

–

–

–

–

SEImm → D

–

–

–

–

SPAcc → P

0.644

0.428

0.387

9.371

SPImm → P

0.34

0.965

0.234

4.574

SPAcc → S

0.827

0.202

0.642

8.152

SPImm → S

− 1.426

0.014

0.077

0.754

SPAcc → F

1.679

0.020

1.304

22.013

SPImm → F

− 1.547

0.047

0.046

0.977

SPAcc → A

0.203

0.760

0.333

4.501

SPImm → A

− 0.207

0.717

0.266

2.488

SPAcc → R

0.291

0.781

0.173

10.359

SPImm → R

− 3.669

0.002

0.003

0.253

SPAcc → D

–

–

–

–

SPImm → D

–

–

–

–

SSAcc → P

− 0.242

0.807

0.113

5.439

SSImm → P

− 0.771

0.345

0.093

2.294

SSAcc → S

1.287

0.071

0.894

14.677

SSImm → S

− 1.319

0.036

0.078

0.917

SSAcc → F

− 0.160

0.835

0.190

3.825

SSImm → F

− 0.422

0.546

0.166

2.585

SSAcc → A

1.289

0.084

0.842

15.654

SSImm → A

− 1.226

0.053

0.085

1.018

SSAcc → R

2.491

0.014

1.667

87.486

SSImm → R

–0.017

0.986

0.157

6.144

SSAcc → D

–

–

–

–

SSImm → D

–

–

–

–

SFAcc → P

0.468

0.474

0.444

5.742

SFImm → P

0.345

0.589

0.404

4.949

SFAcc → S

− 0.191

0.699

0.313

2.176

SFImm → S

1.028

0.040

1.049

7.454

SFAcc → F

− 0.535

0.344

0.193

1.774

SFImm → F

1.368

0.019

1.249

12.359

SFAcc → A

− 0.0411

0.414

0.247

1.779

SFImm → A

1.352

0.008

1.428

10.463

SFAcc → R

− 1.279

0.085

0.065

1.191

SFImm → R

2.621

0.000

3.178

59.520

SFAcc → D

–

–

–

–

SFImm → D

–

–

–

–