A tri-phenomenon perspective to mitigate MOOCs' high dropout rates: the role of technical, pedagogical, and contextual factors on language learners' L2 motivational selves, and learning approaches to MOOC

Smart Learning Environments

Table 2 Variable descriptive statistics

Variables	Measures of data distribution		Measures of dispersion		Measures of central tendency
Variables	Kurtosis	Kurtosis	Variance	Std. Deviation	Mean
TS	− 1.002	− 0.426	0.856	0.925	3.98
IS	− 0.098	− 0.877	0.570	0.754	4.25
PS	− 0.085	− 0.837	0.884	0.940	3.46
IPO	.0048	− 0.886	0.815	0.902	4.07
IPR	− .0301	− 0.629	1.032	1.01	3.87
DA	− .0056	− 0.544	0.569	0.754	3.30
SA	− .0435	− 0.599	0.890	0.943	3.96