Smart Learning Environments

Table 3 Reliability, and validity of the study variables

From: A tri-phenomenon perspective to mitigate MOOCs' high dropout rates: the role of technical, pedagogical, and contextual factors on language learners' L2 motivational selves, and learning approaches to MOOC

Variables	Cronbach alpha	CR	AVE	MSV
TS	0.747	0.771	0.531	0.018
IPO	0.867	0.868	0.687	0.255
DA	0.813	0.828	0.548	0.400
PS	0.841	0.853	0.594	0.387
IS	0.780	0.784	0.548	0.311
SA	0.803	0.812	0.592	0.311
IPR	0.867	0.867	0.685	0.400

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