Smart multimedia learning of ICT: role and impact on language learners’ writing fluency— YouTube online English learning resources as an example

Smart Learning Environments

Table 3 Pearson’s correlation coefficient: Time Range of Exposure (Online learning)

Time Range of Exposure	Mono-medium (text / speech)		Multimedia (text & speech)
Time Range of Exposure	Reading (books)	Listening (songs)	YouTube BBC 6-Minute English	Video games	Songs	Films	Audio books
Writing rate	−0.096	0.299	0.514	−0.390	0.149	−0.145	0.018
No. of error-free T.units per text	0.089	0.014	0.783	−0.317	0.048	−0.393	0.394
Lexical diversity (VOCD)	−0.002	0.375	0.734	−0.100	0.127	0.131	0.332
Lexical density	0.081	−0.226	0.426	0.699	0.113	0.395	0.125
Mean length of T.unit	−0.310	0.367	0.494	−0.333	0.247	−0.225	−0.300
Number of clauses per T-unit	−0.111	0.198	0.767	−0.279	0.126	−0.037	−0.114
Organization of ideas	0.213	0.215	0.761	−0.104	0.010	0.010	0.211