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Table 4 Pearson’s correlation coefficient: Engagement Rate (Offline learning)

From: Smart multimedia learning of ICT: role and impact on language learners’ writing fluency— YouTube online English learning resources as an example

Engagement Rate

Mono-medium (text / speech)

Multimedia (text & speech)

Reading (books)

Listening (songs)

Video games

Formal schooling

Films

Audio books

Writing rate

−0.011

0.291

−0.436

0.223

0.171

0.329

No. of error-free T.units per text

−0.178

−0.094

− 0.334

−0.049

0.219

−0.013

Lexical diversity (VOCD)

0.110

−0.144

−0.150

0.137

0.086

0.022

Lexical density

0.008

−0.282

0.763

0.182

−0.373

−0.331

Mean length of T.unit

0.342

0.003

−0.317

0.382

0.217

0.249

Number of clauses per T-unit

0.009

−0.190

− 0.244

0.134

−0.078

− 0.006

Organization of ideas

−0.337

− 0.217

− 0.053

0.337

0.018

−0.125