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Table 5 Pearson’s correlation coefficient: Time Range of Exposure (Offline learning)

From: Smart multimedia learning of ICT: role and impact on language learners’ writing fluency— YouTube online English learning resources as an example

Time Range of Exposure

Mono-medium (text / speech)

Multimedia (text & speech)

Reading (books)

Listening (songs)

Video games

Formal schooling

Films

Audio books

Writing rate

0.501

0.112

−0.299

0.108

0.037

−0.156

No. of error-free T.units per text

0.713

−0.242

−0.338

0.197

0.230

−0.112

Lexical diversity (VOCD)

0.526

−0.217

−0.466

0.199

0.298

−0.222

Lexical density

−0.485

−0.193

0.422

0.290

0.232

0.210

Mean length of T.unit

0.774

−0.138

0.029

−0.029

−0.222

− 0.418

Number of clauses per T-unit

0.842

−0.155

−0.174

0.050

−0.218

− 0.249

Organization of ideas

0.381

−0.077

−0.080

0.306

0.104

−0.085