Table 2 Examples of values for the personalization parameters (Essalmi et al., 2010)

Learner’s level of knowledge

{beginner, intermediate, advanced} (Chorfi & Jemni, 2004)

Learner personality

{Introvert, Extrovert, sensing, intuitive} (Celli et al. 2016)

Kolb learning cycle

{Converger, Diverger, Assimilator, Accommodator} (Milosevic et al., 2006)

Honey–Mumford learning style

{activist, reflector, theorist, pragmatist} (Honey & Mumford, 1986)

Felder–Silverman learning style

{sensing, intuiting} {visual, verbal}{active, reflective} {sequential, global} (Felder & Silverman, 1989)

La Garanderie learning style

{competitive, cooperative, access on the avoidance, participative, dependant, independent} (La Garanderie, 1993)

Motivation level

{low, moderate, high} (Milosevic et al., 2006)

Navigation Preference

{breadth-first, depth-first} (Stash, Cristea, & De Bra, 2006)

Cognitive traits

{low working memory capacity, high working memory capacity} {low inductive reasoning ability, high inductive reasoning ability} {low information processing speed, high information processing speed} {Low associative learning skills, high associative learning skills.} (Kinshuk & Graf, 2007)

Pedagogical approach

{objectivist, competencies based, collaborative} (Essalmi et al., 2007)