Table 2 SLE models or frameworks (chronologically ordered)
From: Smart learning environments: a basic research towards the definition of a practical model
Reference | Model dimensions |
|---|---|
Hwang (2014) | - Learning status detecting module. |
- Learning performance evaluation module. | |
- Adaptive learning task module. | |
- Adaptive learning content module. | |
- Personal learning support module. | |
- Set of databases for keeping the learner profiles, learning materials, etc. | |
- Inference engine and a knowledge base for determining the “value” of the candidate learning tasks, strategies and tools. | |
Zhu, Sun, and Riezebos (2016) | - Teaching presence (instructional design, facilitation and direct instruction and technological support). |
- Technological presence (connective, ubiquitous access and personalized). | |
- Learner presence (autonomous learner, collaborative learner and efficient technology user). | |
Zhu, Yu, and Riezebos (2016) | - Smart environments. |
- Smart pedagogy (contemplates the inclusive educational view). | |
- Smart learners. | |
It contemplates a 4-level architecture of intelligent pedagogies. | |
Laxmikant (2017) | - Connectivity (IoT). |
- Business model. | |
- Killer applications (applications for data management). | |
Liu, Huang, and Wosinski (2017) | - Learning experience (any place, way, time and pace). |
- Supporting technologies (advice and supportive technology). | |
- Core elements of learning scenarios (learning tasks, learning methods, learning goals, learning space, learning community, etc.) | |
- Logical laws for teaching and learning. | |
Freigang, Schlenker, and Köhler (2018) | - Participatory corporate culture. |
- User centricity. | |
- Didactical variety. | |
- Hybrid learning space. | |
- Hybrid learning assistance. | |
Maulidiya, Santoso, and Hasibuan (2019) | - Smart Learning (learning activities, learning path, learning contents, learning portfolio, learner behavior model). |
- Smart pedagogy (presentation, assessment, intervention, feedback, teaching management). | |
- Smart supporting system (smart room, e-learning system and multichannel communication). | |
Yusufu and Nathan (2020) | - Smart pedagogies based on learning theory. |
- Smart learning environment (physical and virtual classrooms). | |
- Smart technologies. | |
- Smart learners (students, teachers or learning communities). |