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Table 1 Learners-related factors

From: Mathematics self-concept and challenges of learners in an online learning environment during COVID-19 pandemic

Learners-related factors

Frequency

Percentage

Device ownership

  

 One device

17

31

 Two devices

36

67

 Three devices

1

2

Personal space for online learning

 With personal space

28

52

 Without personal space

26

48

Internet connection

 Very slow

3

6

 Slow

5

9

 Sometimes fast, sometimes slow

38

70

 Fast

7

13

 Very fast

1

2

Perception of mathematics online learning

 Harder than face-to-face

34

63

 Easier than face-to-face

3

6

 About the same level of difficulty with face-to-face

5

9

 About the same level of ease with face-to-face

0

0

 Unsure/I cannot tell

12

22

Mathematics learning autonomy

 I can understand the topics by just reading the materials all by myself

1

2

 Most of the time, I can understand the lesson by myself. I seldom consult my teachers or my classmates

5

9

 Sometimes I understand the lesson; sometimes I do not understand it. I consult my teachers or my friends for further explanations

30

56

 Most of the time, I just rely on the lectures of my teachers or tutorials of my classmates and friends

11

20

 I entirely rely on my teachers’ lectures or from the help of my classmates and friends

7

13