Predicting students’ flow experience through behavior data in gamified educational systems

Smart Learning Environments

Table 5 Relationships between data logs and flow experience dimensions

	B	p values	CI
	B	p values	2.5%	97.5%
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) A	0.113	0.829	− 0.725	1.434
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) C	− 0.175	0.661	− 0.851	0.591
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) CSB	0.275	0.268	− 0.239	0.796
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) CTRL	− 0.061	0.880	− 0.517	1.065
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) F	− 0.145	0.624	− 0.537	0.622
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) G	− 0.414*	0.074	− 0.893	0.025
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) LSC	− 0.672*	0.094	− 0.988	0.342
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) MMA	0.025	0.924	− 0.356	0.644
Frequency \(\rightarrow\) T	− 0.006	0.983	− 0.455	0.858
Speed \(\rightarrow\) A	0.069	0.897	− 1.481	0.603
Speed \(\rightarrow\) C	0.263	0.333	− 0.350	0.763
Speed \(\rightarrow\) CSB	− 0.815**	0.004	− 1.046	0.192
Speed \(\rightarrow\) CTRL	0.098	0.843	− 1.166	0.612
Speed \(\rightarrow\) F	− 0.415	0.115	− 0.888	0.269
Speed \(\rightarrow\) G	− 0.223	0.353	− 0.923	0.271
Speed \(\rightarrow\) LSC	− 0.075	0.740	− 0.538	0.331
Speed \(\rightarrow\) MMA	− 0.419	0.134	− 0.750	0.474
Speed \(\rightarrow\) T	0.021	0.949	− 0.905	0.479
Speed \(\rightarrow\) activities	0.441**	0.010	0.243	0.754

\(\beta\) regression coefficient, CI confidence interval, CSB challenge-skill balance, MMA action-awareness merging, G clear goals, F unambiguous feedback, C total concentration on the task at hand, CTRL sense of control, LSC loss of self-consciousness, T transformation of time, and A autotelic experience, Frequency frequency of students’ action, Speed speed of students’ action
*\(p<0.1\), **\(p<0.05\)