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Table 3 Internal reliability for the DFS-2

From: The effects of personalized gamification on students’ flow experience, motivation, and enjoyment

 

CSB

MMA

G

F

C

CTRL

LSC

T

A

Non-personalized version

\(\alpha\)

.693

.778

.769

.650

.654

.731

.706

.629

.776

Personalized version

\(\alpha\)

.690

.629

.733

.684

.654

.673

.692

.722

.766

Personalized and non-personalzied version (together)

\(\alpha\)

.691

.712

.753

.668

.653

.700

.699

.677

.770

  1. CSB, challenge-skill balance; MMA, action-awareness merging; G, clear goals; F, unambiguous feedback; C, total concentration on the task at hand; CTRL, sense of control; LSC, loss of self-consciousness; T, transformation of time; and A, autotelic experience