Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

1. Articles should have been published in journals indexed by WoS, ERIC, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases

2. Articles are peer-reviewed

3. Full-text available

4. Articles that use one of the principles of multimedia learning

1. Conference proceedings, dissertations/thesis, and book chapters are not selected

2. Review, meta-analysis, or commentary articles are not selected

3. Articles that are not published in English