Table 8 Research hypotheses results
| Â | Independent variable | Dependent variable | Time point | Conclusion | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | ||||
H1 | Self-efficacy | PU | .330* | .446* | Confirmed |
H2 | Self-efficacy | PEOU | .287* | .324* | Confirmed |
H3 | Self-efficacy | Goal orientation | Â | Â | Partially confirmed |
| Â | Self-efficacy | Performance approach/avoidance | .427*/.273* | .487*/.141 | Â |
|  | Self-efficacy | Mastery approach/avoidance | .284*/.032 | .387*/−.138 |  |
H4 | PU | Learning behavior (Surface/Deep approach) | − .198/.395* | −.001/589* | Partially confirmed |
H5 | PEOU | Learning behavior (Surface/Deep approach) | −.085/.211* | .213**/.468* | Partially confirmed |
H6 | Goal orientation | Learning behavior (Surface/Deep approach) | Â | Â | Confirmed |
|  | Performance approach/avoidance | Surface approach | −.202/.518* | −.109/.491* |  |
|  | Performance approach/avoidance | Deep approach | .474*/−.053 | .467*/−.100 |  |
|  | Mastery approach/avoidance | Surface approach | −.268*/.457* | −.239**/.366 |  |
|  | Mastery approach/avoidance | Deep approach | .677*/.104 | .441*/−.155 |  |
H7 | Learning behavior (Surface/Deep approach) | Learning outcome |  | −.263**/.312* | Confirmed |