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Table 3 Explanations of instructional styles (adopted from Zhong, 2022c)

From: Incorporating personalized learning in a role-playing game environment via SID model: a pilot study of impact on learning performance and cognitive load

Instructional style

Explanation

S1

Case 1, 2, 3, 4 & Low relationship activity

S2

Case 3, 4, 5, 6 & High relationship activity

S3

Case 1, 2, 4, 5 & High relationship activity

S4

Case 7, 8, 9, 10 & High relationship activity

S5

Case 1, 2, 3, 4 & High relationship activity

S6

Case 3, 4, 5, 6 & Low relationship activity

S7

Case 1, 2, 4, 5 & Low relationship activity

S8

Case 7, 8, 9, 10 & Low relationship activity