Table 4 Students’ persistence in different instructional settings related to the level of instructional guidance
Instructional settings | Persistence | Chi-square result | Post hoc analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | High | Â | Adjusted Residual | Adjusted p-value | |
Minimal or open ended | 19 (79.2%) | 5 (20.8%) | Chi-square (2) = 15.579 | − 3.92 | 0.000* |
Moderate guidance | 6 (26.1%) | 17 (73.9%) | Sig. (2-sided) = 0.000* | 2.48 | 0.039* |
Strong guidance | 7 (33.3%) | 14 (66.7%) | Cramer’s V = 0.48 | 1.52 | 0.386 |
| Â | Systematic investigation | Â | Â | Â | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One concept and below | Two concepts and above | Â | Â | Â | |
Minimal or open ended | 18 (75.0%) | 6 (25.0%) | Chi-square (2) = 5.608 |  |  |
Moderate guidance | 11 (47.8%) | 12 (52.2%) | Sig. (2-sided) = 0.061 |  |  |
Strong guidance | 9 (42.9%) | 12 (57.1%) | N = 68 |  |  |