Physical home-learning environments of traditional and non-traditional students during the COVID pandemic: exploring the impact of learning space on students’ motivation, stress and well-being

Smart Learning Environments

Table 2 Physical–spatial conditions of home learning environments by university

	UWK		JKU		X²
	f	%	f	%	X²
Previous existence of learning place^b (df = 1, n = 353)
Own learning place already available	160	62.3	72	75.0	5.038*
Own learning place newly established	38	14.8	8	8.3	2.568
No specially designated learning place available	72	28.0	16	16.7	4.810*
Learning place also used for other purposes	16	6.2	9	9.4	1.053
Purpose of the room used for learning^a (df = 1, n = 353)
Dedicated room for studying	106	41.2	26	27.1	5.988*
Room also used for other purposes	151	58.8	70	72.9	5.988*
Location for learning activities^a (df =1, n = 353)
Predominantly at designated learning place	179	69.6	71	74.0	.628
Often at other places	78	30.4	25	26.0	.628
Availability of learning place^a (df = 1, n = 353)
Learning place available at all times	192	74.7	75	78.1	.443
Coordination of learning place with others	65	25.3	21	21.9	.443