Smart Learning Environments

Table 1 Pretest–posttest improvements among beginning learners

From: The role of novelty stimuli in second language acquisition: evidence from the optimized training by the Pinyin Tutor at TalkBank

	Routine		Novelty		t-test
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t-statistic	p-value
Word	32.14	27.71	19.27	14.58	2.2349	0.0147
Syllable	33.92	26.71	19.73	13.44	2.5817	0.0062
Syllable w/o tone	29.76	21.37	15.99	11.14	3.1071	0.0015
Initial	17.81	17.33	13.29	8.40	1.2776	0.1033
Final	19.18	19.87	11.20	9.62	1.9674	0.0271
Tone	23.55	23.31	14.52	10.44	1.9258	0.0296

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