Table 4 Classification of gamification approaches (context of e-learning in higher education)

1. Urh et al. (2015)

x

x

x

2. Mi et al. (2018)

x

x

x

3. Huang and Hew (2018)

x

x

x

x

4. Carreño (2018)

x

A

x

5. Kamunya et al. (2020)

x

A

x

6. Legaki et al. (2020)

x

x

x

7. Alsubhi and Sahari (2020)

x

x

x

8. Winanti et al. (2020)

x

x

x

9. Bencsik et al. (2021)

x

x

x

10. Fajri et al. (2021)

x

x

x

11. Alsubhi et al. (2021)

x

x

x

X (With experts)

12. Yamani (2021)

x

x

x

13. Al Ghawail et al. (2021)

x

x

x

14. Sofiadin and Azuddin (2021)

x

x

x

15. Júnior and Farias (2021)

x

x

x

x

16. Bernik (2021)

x

x

x

17. de la Peña et al. (2021)

x

x

x

x