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Smart Learning Environments

Table 5 Paired sample T test of variables from time point A to B

From: Learning with desktop virtual reality: changes and interrelationship of self-efficacy, goal orientation, technology acceptance and learning behavior

 

Time point

M

SD

t

df

p

Self-efficacy

A

3.98

.53

− 2.227

93

.028**

 

B

4.15

.57

   

Goal orientation

      

Mastery-approach

A

4.11

.61

2.914

93

.004*

 

B

3.83

.66

   

Mastery-avoidance

A

3.44

.84

3.310

93

.001*

 

B

3.03

.90

   

PEOU

A

3.50

.71

− 2.790

93

.006*

 

B

3.78

.68

   

PU

A

3.75

.66

− 2.640

93

.010*

 

B

4.00

.62

   

Learning behavior

      

Surface learning

A

2.81

.59

− 2.960

93

.004*

 

B

3.07

.62

   
  1. *Significant at a confidence level of p < 0.025 (2-tailed)
  2. **Significant at a confidence level of p < 0.05 (2-tailed)
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