Item | Students | Teachers | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | M(SD) | n | M(SD) | MD | t | (df) | P | |
1. I have used generative AI technologies (GenAI) like ChatGPT | 399 | 2.27 (1.65) | 184 | 2.03 (1.11) | .23 | 2.28 | 581 | .023* |
Perceptions | ||||||||
2. The integration of GenAI like ChatGPT in higher education will have a positive impact on teaching and learning in the long run.a | 383 | 3.90 (.82) | 160 | 3.58 (1.11) | .33 | 3.36 | 234 |  < .001* |
3. Higher education institutions should have a plan in place for managing the potential risks associated with using GenAI like ChatGPT in teaching and learning | 393 | 4.47 (.83) | 182 | 4.53 (.86) | −.06 | −.79 | 573 | .432 |
4. Students must learn how to use GenAI well for their career | 387 | 3.97 (.98) | 171 | 3.96 (.98) | .00 | .02 | 556 | .987 |
5. I believe using GenAI like ChatGPT to write essays or generate answers to questions can lead to originality and creativity in my/students’ work | 379 | 3.09 (1.20) | 161 | 2.98 (1.30) | .11 | .91 | 538 | .362 |
6. I believe GenAI like ChatGPT can improve my/students’ digital competence | 377 | 3.66 (.96) | 172 | 3.68 (.98) | −.03 | −.28 | 547 | .778 |
7. I believe GenAI like ChatGPT can help me/students save time | 386 | 4.16 (.83) | 171 | 3.90 (.88) | .26 | 3.38 | 555 |  < .001* |
8. I think GenAI like ChatGPT can help me/students become a better writer | 379 | 3.29 (1.16) | 168 | 3.06 (1.23) | .23 | 2.07 | 545 | .039* |
9. I/Students will not feel judged by GenAI like ChatGPT, so I/they feel comfortable with it.a | 377 | 3.54 (1.05) | 159 | 3.68 (.92) | −.14 | −1.56 | 337 | .121 |
10. I think AI technologies like ChatGPT is a great tool for student support services due to anonymity | 372 | 3.73 (1.01) | 166 | 3.53 (1.11) | .20 | 2.07 | 536 | .039* |
Knowledge | ||||||||
11. I understand GenAI like ChatGPT have limitations in their ability to handle complex tasks | 391 | 4.13 (.84) | 168 | 4.15 (.78) | −.03 | −.39 | 557 | .699 |
12. … can generate output that is factually inaccurate | 382 | 4.08 (.85) | 174 | 4.27 (.78) | −.19 | −2.54 | 554 | .011* |
13. … can generate output that is out of context or inappropriate | 385 | 4.01 (.85) | 174 | 4.14 (.82) | −.14 | −1.80 | 557 | .072 |
14. … can exhibit biases and unfairness in their output | 380 | 3.91 (.93) | 167 | 4.20 (.78) | −.29 | −3.52 | 545 |  < .001* |
15. … may rely too heavily on statistics, which can limit their usefulness in certain contexts | 381 | 3.96 (.91) | 162 | 3.86 (.94) | .09 | 1.12 | 541 | .265 |
16. … have limited emotional intelligence and empathy, which can lead to output that is insensitive or inappropriate | 380 | 3.87 (.98) | 163 | 3.98 (1.01) | −.11 | −1.16 | 541 | .247 |
17. … cannot be affected by harmful input, and will not cause the output to be distorted or manipulated | 361 | 2.97 (1.22) | 151 | 2.57 (1.28) | .40 | 3.35 | 510 |  < .001* |
18. I think it’s important to fact−check and validate information generated by GenAI like ChatGPT, before using it for assignments.a | 389 | 4.35 (.81) | 173 | 4.60 (.65) | −.25 | −3.95 | 402 |  < .001* |
Concerns | ||||||||
19. I am concerned that some students may use GenAI like ChatGPT to get ahead in their assignments.a | 389 | 3.58 (1.14) | 177 | 3.83 (1.06) | −.25 | −2.51 | 366 | .013* |
20. Using GenAI like ChatGPT to complete assignments undermines the value of a university education | 382 | 3.18 (1.16) | 174 | 3.40 (1.20) | −.21 | −1.95 | 555 | .052 |
21. GenAI like ChatGPT will limit my/students’ opportunities to interact with others and socialise when completing coursework | 383 | 3.09 (1.19) | 168 | 3.43 (1.14) | −.34 | −3.16 | 542 | .002* |
22. I/Students can become over-reliant on GenAI.a | 368 | 2.87 (1.14) | 174 | 4.12 (.89) | −1.25 | −14.00 | 425 |  < .001* |