Table 4 Descriptive analysis results (N = 405)
From: An expectancy value theory (EVT) based instrument for measuring student perceptions of generative AI
| Â | Â | Mean | S.D | Skewness | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | I have used generative AI technologies like ChatGPT | 2.32 | 1.201 | 0.526 |  − 0.621 |
Q2 | I understand generative AI technologies like ChatGPT have limitations in their ability to handle complex tasks | 4.15 | 0.818 |  − 1.328 | 2.570 |
Q3 | I understand generative AI technologies like ChatGPT can generate output that is factually inaccurate | 4.10 | 0.835 |  − 0.998 | 1.306 |
Q4 | I understand generative AI technologies like ChatGPT can generate output that is out of context or inappropriate | 4.04 | 0.823 |  − 0.927 | 1.133 |
Q5 | I understand generative AI technologies like ChatGPT can exhibit biases and unfairness in their output | 3.92 | 0.898 |  − 0.935 | 1.070 |
Q6 | I understand generative AI technologies like ChatGPT have limited emotional intelligence and empathy, which can lead to output that is insensitive or inappropriate | 3.88 | 0.950 |  − 0.785 | 0.265 |
Q7 | Students must learn how to use generative AI technologies well for their career | 4.06 | 0.940 |  − 1.038 | 0.882 |
Q8 | I believe generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT can improve my digital competence | 3.71 | 0.939 |  − 0.750 | 0.341 |
Q9 | I believe generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT can improve my overall academic performance | 3.47 | 0.949 |  − 0.328 |  − 0.185 |
Q10 | I think generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT can help me become a better writer | 3.31 | 1.142 |  − 0.183 |  − 0.867 |
Q11 | I can ask questions to generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT that I would otherwise not voice out to my teacher | 3.38 | 1.076 |  − 0.495 |  − 0.517 |
Q12 | Generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT will not judge me, so I feel comfortable with it | 3.53 | 1.038 |  − 0.406 |  − 0.381 |
Q13 | I think AI technologies such as ChatGPT is a great tool for student support services due to anonymity | 3.78 | 0.964 |  − 0.813 | 0.549 |
Q14 | I believe generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT can help me save time | 4.20 | 0.813 |  − 1.192 | 2.113 |
Q15 | I believe AI technologies such as ChatGPT can provide me with unique insights and perspectives that I may not have thought of myself | 3.74 | 1.058 |  − 0.795 | 0.090 |
Q16 | I think AI technologies such as ChatGPT can provide me with personalized and immediate feedback and suggestions for my assignments | 3.61 | 1.035 |  − 0.578 |  − 0.262 |
Q17 | I think AI technologies such as ChatGPT is a great tool as it is available 24/7 | 4.13 | 0.817 |  − 1.081 | 1.831 |
Q18 | Using generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT to complete assignments undermines the value of a university education | 3.15 | 1.157 |  − 0.127 |  − 0.954 |
Q19 | Generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT will limit my opportunities to interact with others and socialize while completing coursework | 3.05 | 1.177 | 0.013 |  − 1.031 |
Q20 | Generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT will hinder my development of generic or transferable skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and leadership skills | 3.10 | 1.204 |  − 0.038 |  − 1.074 |
Q21 | I can become over-reliant on generative AI technologies | 2.85 | 1.098 | 0.155 |  − 0.726 |
Q22 | The integration of generative AI technologies like ChatGPT in higher education will have a positive impact on teaching and learning in the long run | 3.92 | 0.820 |  − 1.071 | 1.979 |
Q23 | I envision integrating generative AI technologies like ChatGPT into my teaching and learning practices in the future | 3.86 | 0.990 |  − 1.021 | 0.998 |