Smart Learning Environments

Table 3 Within-subjects effects

From: Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study

Cases	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	p	η²
Score	1318.473^a	2^a	659.236^a	330.704^a	5.146e−37^a	0.902
Residuals	143.527	72	1.993

Type III sum of squares
^aMauchly's test of sphericity indicates that the assumption of sphericity is violated (p < 0.05)

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