Smart Learning Environments

Table 5 Post-hoc comparisons score

From: Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study

		Mean difference	SE	t	Cohen's d	p_bonf
Pre-test	Post-test	− 6.635	0.331	− 20.070	− 3.300	2.839e−30***
	Delayed post-test	− 7.838	0.331	− 23.708	− 3.898	1.075e−34***
Post-test	Delayed post-test	− 1.203	0.331	− 3.638	− 0.598	0.002**

Cohen's d does not correct for multiple comparisons
p-value adjusted for comparing a family of 3
**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

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