Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study

Smart Learning Environments

Table 9 Coded FGD data

Themes and Sub-themes	Codes	References
1. Content 1.1 Positive	Generation of more ideas on the topic	22
	Focused information on the topic	21
	Promotion of learner autonomy	19
	Promotion of collaboration	15
	Faster writing speed	13
	Creation of strong topic sentences	13
	Time-saving in brainstorming	8
1.2 Negative	Less motivation to think	4
1.2 Negative	More machine dependence	3
2. Organization 2.1 Positive and specific	Easy to stay focused	22
	Strong connection between the main idea and the supporting details	17
	Appropriate use of signposts	11
	Reaffirming the main idea in the conclusion	8
	Enabling collaborative organization	7
2.2 Negative	Imposing a pattern on writing	2
2.2 Negative	Hindering creative organization	2
3. Grammar 3.1 Positive and specific	Improving accuracy in the sentence structure	22
	Reliable source of grammar	21
	Providing explanations for language errors	17
	Making vocabulary choices more accurate	9
	Leading to discussions among peers	8
	Promotion of explicit knowledge of grammar	7
3.2 Negative	Reduction in attention to grammatical accuracy	5
3.2 Negative	Increase in machine-dependence	3