Smart Learning Environments

Table 4 Result of the discriminant validity

From: A tri-phenomenon perspective to mitigate MOOCs' high dropout rates: the role of technical, pedagogical, and contextual factors on language learners' L2 motivational selves, and learning approaches to MOOC

Variables	TS	IPO	DA	PS	IS	SA	IPR
TS	0.729
IPO	0.043	0.829
DA	0.028	0.505***	0.740
PS	0.019	0.258***	0.601***	0.771
IS	0.132*	0.469***	0.538***	0.269***	0.740
SA	− 0.094	-0.479***	− 0.491***	− 0.436***	− 0.558***	0.769
IPR	0.119*	0.300***	0.633***	0.622***	0.479***	− 0.543***	0.828

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