Table 1 Teaching topics and learning outcomes were realized with students in this study

Robotic construction

Identifies the basic components of the robot such as sensors, and microcontrollers; understands the basic concepts of mechanics such as levers, wheels, gears, and moving couplings; can apply the connection of mechanical principles to robot design and mobility; can assemble a simple robot structure

Motors (rotation) Programming

define the concept of rotation and identify the basic components of the rotating parts in the Lego robot set; demonstrate the connection and control of electric motors using Lego components; understand how to control the speed of rotation of electric motors using programming blocks within the Lego Mindstorms environment; they can create a programme to change the speed of rotation of the motor in response to different conditions; understand basic programming concepts for rotational functions, such as setting target position and speed

Color sensor (color, light) programming

define the terms color and light sensors and better understand their basic properties and functions; be able to use the color and light sensor components in a Lego robot; be able to correctly connect the color and light sensors to the Lego robot; be able to demonstrate the basic steps for sensor calibration in the Lego Mindstorms software; be able to programme the robot to respond to specific colors or light changes; be able to develop programmes to control the robot using color and light sensors

Ultrasonic sensor (distance) programming

define the ultrasonic sensor and understand its basic characteristics and functions; identify the components of the ultrasonic sensor in the Lego robot; properly connect the ultrasonic sensor to the Lego robot; demonstrate the basic steps for calibrating the ultrasonic sensor in the Lego Mindstorms software; understand how the ultrasonic sensor measures distance to objects and how these measurements are used to detect obstacles; programming the robot to react to the proximity of obstacles and avoid collisions

Gyro sensor (rotation/orientation) programming

recognize the gyroscope sensor and understand how the principle of the angle of rotation measurement works; identify the components of the gyroscope sensor in a Lego robot; correctly connect the gyroscope sensor to the Lego robot; demonstrate the basic steps to calibrate the sensor to obtain the accurate angle of rotation measurements; understand how the ultrasonic sensor and the gyroscope sensor measure changes in the robot's angle of rotation; programming the robot to respond to changes in the angle of rotation, e.g. maintain direction. E.g. maintain direction or rotate around a point

Infrared sensor (distance) programming

define the term infrared sensor and understand how it uses infrared rays to detect objects and changes; understand how to properly connect an infrared sensor to a Lego robot; demonstrate how to calibrate the sensor to achieve accurate detection; understand how the infrared sensor detects the presence of objects and obstacles in the environment; create a programme that allows the robot to respond to the detection of objects, such as stopping or avoiding obstacles

Combining two different sensors and constructions—programming

know how to correctly connect and place two different sensors with a Lego robot; demonstrate calibration of the sensors to ensure accurate and coherent measurements; understand how to combine the data obtained from two different sensors to obtain more complete information about the environment when designing a robot; can create a single programme in a Mindstorm environment for the robot to analyze and use the data from both sensors to make decisions

Combining more different sensors and constructions—programming

The learning outcomes are the same as with two sensors, except that in this case a higher number of sensors is used