Direct and indirect instruction in educational robotics: a comparative study of task performance per cognitive level and student perception

Smart Learning Environments

Table 6 Independent samples t-test results regarding gender

Concept	Gender	N	Mean	Std. dev	t	df	p*	Mean difference	Std. error difference
Collaboration	Girl	46	7.85	1.46	0.651	97	0.516	0.187	0.288
Collaboration	Boy	54	7.66	1.40	0.651	97	0.516	0.187	0.288
STEM Knowledge	Girl	46	5.78	1.69	0.014	98	0.989	0.005	0.351
STEM Knowledge	Boy	54	5.78	1.80	0.014	98	0.989	0.005	0.351
Self-confidence	Girl	46	7.70	2.77	0.960	81.004	0.340	0.473	0.493
Self-confidence	Boy	54	7.22	2.03	0.960	81.004	0.340	0.473	0.493
Enjoyment	Girl	46	6.02	2.65	1.337	98	0.184	0.614	0.460
Enjoyment	Boy	54	5.41	1.94	1.337	98	0.184	0.614	0.460