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Table 1 The instructional approaches of the proposed framework stages

From: Gamifying informal learning activities using interactive displays: an empirical investigation of students’ learning and engagement

Framework stage

Instructional approach

Framework implementation approaches

1. Exploration stage

Behaviorism

Navigate through / explore the artifacts

Gather more information (Internet / Local database)

2. Application stage

Cognitivism

Short quiz game while interacting with the artifact

Play / Interact with co-player

Understand the properties of the artifact

3. Creation stage

Constructionism

Replicate / Create an abstract version of the artifact